Why is The Jungleby Upton Sinclair Considered a Primary...

Primary sources are used by people who have experienced specific events in their lives. They allow a reader to connect to them on a more relatable basis. Primary sources are also very reliable because the author of a book or newspaper article, for example, was actually there. So they have all the evidence they need for what is being documented. The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, is a primary source because Jurgis actually went through the hard labor conditions that occurred in the Progressive Era (1900-1916). The Jungle puts a face to the issues of grueling work hours, poor working conditions, unbearable living arrangements, exploitation of the poor, and uneducated working class. Issues of Industrial Democracy, child labor, and the minimum wage became so important to Americans during this period. This Era saw a change in some of the main reasons that controlled American individualism after the unrestrained years of the late 19th century; arguments over labor, social conflict, and unstabl e economy. With the growth of industry in the United States, the population of cities began to grow substantially (Tovanche Lecture). They started providing job opportunities in factories, offices, and other places as well. The cities became the main center of wealth and also poverty. A huge class of the impoverished lived in slums. Some even lived underground in the sewers, and a huge percentage of the poor came from newly arrived immigrants who were coming to America in large numbers from poor

Are you ready boots Free Essays

You Ready Boots is a short story about an English girl called Lulu and her black leather boots. The story begins in New York where Lulu, her good pal Spencer and another freind are on a four day trip. On a shoe sale she finds these marvellous boots that makes her feel fantastic, and she buys them. We will write a custom essay sample on Are you ready boots or any similar topic only for you Order Now When shes back in England she can’t bear to wear them bacause they were so expensive. Until one night six month later when she’s going out with Spencer and he encourages her to wear them. She does, and that night she meets a very handsome man called Charlie. After a while she walks straight to him (in her boots), talks with him, and she ends up with dating him. They become lovers and he seems to be the â€Å"perfect† man. Only Spencer disapproves their relationship. After a while Charlie proposes and she accepts. The same night she decides to wear the same dress, including the boots, as the day the met. But then Charlie says that he hates the boots and he asks her to take them off. Then she looks at her great boots, makes a decision and leaves†¦ The main character is a woman called Lulu. I think she might be in the twenties because she’s old enough to gets married and young enough to go out and get drunk with her freinds. She lives in England, and she seems to be like a typical city girl who likes shopping, going out with freinds and so on. She may be a little upper class for example bacause she drinks champagne when she’s going out, but still she’s not like a real richie, because of the way she’s ashamed of the price of the boots and how she’s very impressed of Charlie’s Porsche. It also confirms my feeling of Lulu as a girl ho likes the â€Å"wealthy feeling† and that is also the reason that she in the beginning buys the boots even though they are too expensive. This leads to another of Lulu’s traits; that she’s pretty conscious about the way she looks, and others looks. When she finally takes courage to talk with Charlie for the first time, she’s sure that it’s because of the boots – she finds self-confidence in material things like the expensive boots. It’s also notable how much of the text that the description of the boots and her thoughts about them fills. As well as the descriptions of Charlie’s handsome look s described a lot of times. I think she’s typical young and modern woman who likes a lot of â€Å"normal† things. The way she doesn’t sees â€Å"the real† Charlie for such a long time, do I interpret as some kind of desperation sign. If she’s in the late twenties many of her freinds may have really had a boyfreind†). Nobody wants to be the lonely old maid, when their freinds become parents and so on†¦ Two men have important roles in the story: Lulu’s good pal Spencer and Charlie who becomes her boyfreind. Spencer is like a real freind who takes her out for fun, who orries about her and I think that he knows her very well. He is with her in New York when she buys the boots and he is the one who tells her his actual opinion about Lulu and Charlie’s releationship. At first she doesn’t wants to listen to him, but she can’t Just forgets what he said which shows us that she normally listens to Spencer’s opinions. And in the end it’s also like his the one who’s proved right. Charlie is a totally different kind of man. He is not spontaneous funny like Spencer is – in fact I dont think he’s spontaneous at all (or funny). But he walks straight in to Lulu’s life, at a point when I think she needs a man. He’s very good looking, seems to be the perfect man and Lulu is flattered because of the way he for example always remembers to call her. Her love for this man is not described anywhere in the text and it’s tempting to doubt that she actually never loved him.. Fundamentally I dont think that you should Judge people’s choices of clothes because you should be allowed to wear what ever you want to. But it is not always possible to escape if people ask you directly what you think of this and that- which girl freinds often do. And in such a situation I think that the only right thing to do is to tell the truth. But I still think that the whole truth may be a little too hard sometimes. And then it’s okay to tell a tiny little lie. But there are cases where it’s the best to tell the hard truth to kind of prepare the person you are talking with, bacause you can see that if you dont say anything other people, and maybe strangers, will do and that’s a lot worse. So to what extent it is okay to Judge depends on the situation, how close you are to the person you are Judging and how â€Å"necessary’ the Judgement is. How to cite Are you ready boots, Papers

Contemporary Society Classless Society Continue to Circulate

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Society for Classless Society Continue to Circulate. Answer: Australia has historically prided itself on being a classless society. However, the issue of intergenerational mobility, i.e. the extent to which parents education, occupation or income determines and shapes their children has been undergoing dynamic changes. This also has an influence on Australian societal structure. In Australia, the intergenerational wealth is been transferred at a relatively fixed rate combined with a slow rate of intergenerational earnings elasticity that poses serious questions to the Australians own mythology of being classless society (Nadel and Frederick 2013). The essay, therefore, discusses how the myth of Australia being a classless society continues to circulate. With a little exploring and analysis, it can be firmly stated that Australia is not a classless society; or at least, not as classless as positioned by various historians, scholars or politicians. The idea that Australia is a classless society is a complete myth that many Australians still cling to, however, the reality is that such ideas were just propaganda and Australia is still far away from being a utopian society. Historically, Australian society has been suffered from the problems of class struggle in the form of aboriginals and settlers (Holmes et al. 2014). However, the real problems of class struggle become evident with the advent of industrial revolution. During that period, the society was divided in mainly two classes i.e. working class and the owners. Since the period of industrial revolution until today the ownership of factors of production are controlled by a relatively small ruling class that takes decision for the masses and exercise power over them. Therefore, to believe that Australia is a classless society by any means is denying these facts. Moreover, Australia has mixed economy that implies capitalist mode of production and concentration of wealth, thereby presence of different class within the society (Black and Donald 2014). The majority of Australian society can be broadly divided in three major classes the top 10% that constitutes politicians, entrepreneurs, businesspersons that controls the factors of production and power. Then comes the bottom 20% of the society and they are practically invisible in the luminal crack of long-term employment, lack access to the basic needs, and are marginalized akin to vast bulk of indigenous Australians. The third class is the middle class that owns some factors of production and have access to the minimum infrastructure. The middle class is the biggest social class in the Australia and is further sub-divided in various categories (Winton and Tim 2014). The egalitarian self-image that Australia has so long presented itself has made the society that they are all equal and there exists no class system in Australia, but in reality, this belief has just made the discussion on class related issues impossible and in the process has given rise to even greater divide among the society. According to United Nations Development Program, during the period 1990s and 2000s, wealth of top fifth earners grew four times faster than the bottom fifth. This proves that Australian egalitarian society is just a myth and inequality is growing (Zyngier and David 2015). Taking a cue from the intergenerational mobility, it can be seen that the transfer of wealth from one generation to another is relatively fixed and also the rate of intergenerational earning elasticity is poor. That implies that the factors of production, economic and social power, access to basic infrastructure are not freely available to all members of the society. The people belonging to bottom of the social pyramid are constantly denied access to various infrastructure and other important resources and as a result are struck in the bottom generation after generation (Harris and Carroll 2015). In addition, presence of different classes within the Australian society has always been there and one can track the same throughout the Australian history. However, the contemporary perception that class system does not exists and does not affect the Australian people is based partially on egalitarian dream and partly due to the economic transformation that began in mid 1980s. These factors had determining role on shaping the societal structure and helped in distributing factors of production and other resources more freely. However, it did not eliminated the class structure within the society but just made the people think that they live in equitable society where everyone is free to chose what is right from them and all members of the society have equal rights over the resources of the country. However, at the same time, income inequality grew at a rapid pace at this time but people become more contended of the fact that the market has been deregulated and tolerance for inequality grew much stronger. Further, with the increasing socio-economic divide resulted in formation of different classes that has always been present within the Australian society (Thornton and Margaret 2012). According to one study by Australian National University economist Dr. Andrew Leigh, the salary of a CEO in top 50 company was 27 times more than the national average in the 90s, however, a decade later it became 98 times more. This clearly indicates the increasing concentration of wealth in the hands of few at the upper segment of the social class pyramid. Moreover, one in every three adult Australian receives some sort of government income support (Harris and Carroll 2015). Apart from that many non-governmental organization such as Salvos, The Smith Family, Oxfam, and the like are in their effort to diminish the gap between different classes make enormous contribution. Taking an example of Sleepbus, a nongovernmental organization that provides shelter and sleeping solutions for people who sleep rough and are homeless. According to the NGO, on any given night in Australia, 105,000 people are homeless and are bound to sleep on streets (Sleepbus.org 2016). Therefore, how it can be sai d that Australian society is devoid of class and everybody is equal, but choosing to deny the presence of class in the Australian society has made our perception of structural inequalities more superficial (Thornton and Margaret 2012). The class gap has become so prominent that it affects all aspects of the life but still unperceivable. Examples of class inequality are rampant in the society. Although, there are equal opportunities for every individual, the privilege gap segregating the rich private schools, hospitals, etc. that are well equipped, well organized and organized as compared to the poorly run public institutions in itself tells a different story (Murray et al. 2012). Moreover, moving ahead and breaking the societal class has been difficult due to the massive control over the countries resources by a handful section of the society. The intergenerational mobility proves that the social and economic status have relatively remained the same, generation after generation and that has played a determining role in the emergence of class. Moreover, class system has grown so much over the community that Australians have become accustomed to their respective class and show little resistance. The class system has become embedded in the Australian structure, however, the recent recession in the economy has revealed the true nature of the society and people are becoming aware of their socio economic status and have started to question established norms and social structure (Wise and Nathan 2012). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that how Australia in spite of being a class based society has been able to present itself as a classless society. The scholars, political leaders and people in power for their own benefits have circulated the myth that Australia is a classless society; fuelled by the ideology and dream of becoming an egalitarian society. However, the truth is far from that and class based society and inter class struggle is a reality. The massive inequality concerning to social and economic status, ownership of factors of production and intergenerational mobility further indicates the presence of class based inequality and government needs to take proper measures to eliminate such inequalities. References Black, Donald, ed.Toward a general theory of social control: Fundamentals. Vol. 1. Academic Press, 2014. Harris, Lauren Carroll. "Kangaroo and the'Lie of Australian Classlessness'."Kill Your Darlings24 (2015): 130. "Home - Sleepbus". 2016. Sleepbus.Org. https://www.sleepbus.org/. Holmes, David, Kate Hughes, and Roberta Julian.Australian sociology. Pearson Australia, 2014. Murray, Georgina, and Jenny Chesters. "Economic wealth and political power in Australia, 1788-2010."LABOUR HISTORY A Journal of Labour and Social History103 (2012): 1-16. Nadel, Siegfried Frederick.The theory of social structure. Routledge, 2013. Thornton, Margaret. "The elusiveness of class discrimination."Legaldate24, no. 3 (2012): 7. Winton, Tim. "The C word: some thoughts about class in Australia."Monthly, TheDec 2013-Jan 2014 (2013): 24. Wise, Nathan. "The Myth of Classlessness in the Australian Imperial Force."Australian Historical Studies43, no. 2 (2012): 287-302. Zyngier, David. "Living on the edge: rethinking poverty, class and schooling." (2015).

Neutralization, Reaction between alkali and ammonium compound Essay Example

Neutralization, Reaction between alkali and ammonium compound Paper Strength of Acid and Alkali, Reacting Masses, Volumetric AnalysisIn which of the following cases may it obtain a complete neutralization?(1)25.0 cm3 of 0.120 M sulphuric acid and 50cm3of 0.120M sodium hydroxide solution(2)50.cm3 of 0.5 M Sodium hydroxide and 0.025 moles of aqueous ammonium chloride(3)20.0cm3 of 0.100M phosphoric acid and 30.0cm3 of 0.200 M potassium hydroxide solution(4)Dissolve 0.2025g of solid sodium hydroxide in water and make up to 250cm3 of solution, then 25.0cm3 of this solution is added to 50.0cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acidA.2B.1, 3C.3, 4D.1, 2, 4Option 1:H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) +H2O(l)Mole ratio of H2SO4 : NaOH = 1:2?Using the formula,Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3= Number of moles of solute (mol) / Volume of solution (dm3)?Number of moles of solute (mol)= Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3X Volume of solution (dm3)Number of moles of H2SO4 given: 0.12 X (25.0 /1000)= 0.003molNumber of moles of NaOH given: 0.12 X (50.0/1000)= 0.006molMole ratio o f H2SO4 : NaOH = 0.003 /0.006 = 1:2Therefore, option (1) is correct.Option 2 :NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl (aq) NaCl(aq)+ NH3(g) + H2O(l)Mole ratio of NaOH : NH4Cl = l :1?Using the formula,Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3= Number of moles of solute(mol) / Volume of solution (dm3)?Number of moles of solute(mol)= Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3X Volume of solution (dm3)Number of moles of NaOH given: 0.5X (50/1000)= 0.025molMole ratio of NaOH : NH4Cl = 0.025/ 0.025= 1:1This indicates that neither NaOH nor NH4Cl will be in excess, thus the reaction is complete. However, option (2) is still incorrect as the reaction between alkali and ammonium compound is not considered as neutralization. Neutralization refers to the combination of hydrogen ions, H+(aq) and hydroxide ions ,OH-(aq) ( or oxide ions,O2- ) to form water molecules, H2O(l). The product of neutralization can only be salt and water.Therefore, option (2) is incorrect.Option 3This option tests the understanding of strength of acid an d alkali.Many students may have already rejected this option immediately when they have the first look on it as they have the common misconception that compared with a strong acid of the same volume and concentration, a weak acid requires a smaller amount of alkali for complete neutralization, as a result, the alkali will be in excess,thus it is not a complete neutralization. In fact, during neutralization with a strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution, more and more molecules of the weak acid will ionize and eventually all the molecules ionize to give H+ (aq) ions.Also, they may over-focus on the concept that weak acid can react with strong alkali to produce acidic salt, instead of normal salt.e.g : H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaH2PO4(aq) +H2O(l)H3PO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) +2H2O(l)These above reactions are absolutely correct, but we have to answer carefully for what the question asks.It said In which of the following cases may it obtain a complete neutralization? It is not n ecessary for the salts produced is acidic, we cannot eliminate the case that normal salt is formed.Whether the neutralization is complete or not can only be determined by mole calculation.H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq) K3PO4(aq) +3H2O(l)Mole ratio of H3PO4: KOH = 1:3Using the formula,? Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3= Number of moles of solute (mol) / Volume of solution (dm3)?Number of moles of solute (mol)= Molarity of a solution M or mol dm-3 X Volume of solution (dm3)Number of moles of H3PO4 given: 0.100 X (20.0 /1000)= 0.002molNumber of moles of KOH given: 0.200X (30.0/1000)= 0.006molMole ratio of H3PO4: KOH = 0.002 /0.006 = 1:3Therefore, option (3) is correct.Option 4:HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)Using the formula,Molarity of a solution M or mol dm3= Number of moles of solute (mol) / Volume of solution (dm3)Number of moles of solute (mol)Number of moles of HCl used: 1X (50/1000)= 0.05molFrom the chemical equation,We can see that mole ratio of HCl: NaOH = 1:1Number of moles of NaOH required for complete neutralization: 1X0.05mol= 0.05molNumber of moles in 250cm3 of NaOH: Mass(g) / Molar mass(gmol-1)= 2.025/(23.5 + 16.0 + 1.0)= 0.05molNumber of moles in 25 cm3 of NaOH : 0.005/10= 0.005 molMole ratio of HCl: NaOH = 1:1Number of moles of HCl reacted with 25cm3 of NaOH: 1 X 0.005 = 0.005mol?NaoH becomes the limiting reageant (HCl is in excess)The number of moles of HCl unreacted with NaOH :0.05-0.005 = 0.045mol?The neutralization is not completeSome students may forget to divide the number of moles in 250cm3 of NaOH by 10.Consequently, they wrongly think that 0.05 mol of NaOH reacts with 0.05 mol HCl , and so the neutralization is complete. We should remember to divide the number of moles in 250cm3 of NaOH by 10 as only 25cm3 of NaOH (one-tenth of the whole NaOH solution) is used to react with HCl.Therefore, Option (4) is incorrect.Overall : Only option (1)and (3) are correct so the correct answer is B.If a student chooses A, it means he has wrong concepts on mole calculation (reacting masses and volumetric analysis), neutralization and strength of acid and alkali.If a student chooses C, it means he has wrong concepts on mole calculation (reacting masses and volumetric analysis).If a student chooses D, it means he has wrong concepts on strength of acid and alkali.To conclude,The steps to tackle this question are as follows:1) See if there are reactions that are not considered as neutralization first. Option (2) can be eliminated instantly, thus the correct answer can only either be B or C.2) In both answers B and C, we can see that option (3) is included so it implies that options (3) must be correct. It is unnecessary to determine whether it is correct or not by mole calculation.3) We only need to determinate whether options (1) and (4) is correct or not based on mole calculation. If the calculation is correct, we can deduce that option (1) is correctwhereas option (4) is incorrect.4) Finally we can conclude that only options (1) and ( 3) are correct, which lead to the fact that the correct answer should be B.